Vie de Frédérick Douglass

The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass was written in 1845, seven years after Douglass escaped slavery, and is the first of three autobiographies. It covers his life as a slave, enduring the whips of the overseers and the hopelessness of his circumstances, until his escape to the north and arrival at New Bedford, Massachusetts. The brutalities he witnessed and his slowly growing desire for freedom are presented in the vivid language he was already known for in his antislavery oration. The eloquence of Douglass's speeches caused some skeptics to doubt his credibility, believing that a former slave with no education could never speak so well. Thus, part of his motivation for writing the book was to dispel this suspicion and to provide a fuller history than was possible in his lectures. The abolitionists William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips provided introductions vouching for the truth of Douglass's words. The book was an immediate best seller. The fame brought danger to Douglass, who sailed for England shortly after the book's publication to ensure he would not be apprehended as a fugitive slave. He spent two years touring and lecturing in Great Britain and Ireland before returning to America to continue his abolitionist work. English supporters raised funds to purchase his freedom from his former master. The slave narrative is an autobiographical genre written by escaped slaves concerning their lives in bondage. Slave narratives not only promoted abolitionism by giving first hand evidence of the cruelty and hypocrisy of slaveholders, but also allowed African Americans to express themselves as intelligent, articulate individuals, deserving of respect and freedom. Douglass's Narrative is perhaps the most important example of the genre, on the basis of its literary merits and its impact on the abolitionist movement.

Vous avez vu comment d'un homme on fit un esclave; vous verrez comment un esclave devint un homme." En 1845, à vingt-sept ans, Frederick Douglass, ancien esclave américain, publie l'un des récits les plus puissants contre l'esclavage. Il y raconte son enfance sur la plantation, la séparation des familles, la violence omniprésente, son départ pour la ville et la révélation qui le met sur la voie de la liberté. Celui que l'on voulait transformer en brute apprend tout seul à lire et à écrire. D'une plume acerbe, il raconte l'inhumanité du système esclavagiste et la barbarie des maîtres. L'accompagnement pédagogique situe le récit dans le contexte de l'esclavage et des luttes abolitionnistes. Il éclaire l'originalité de cette voix autobiographique, sa force, son ironie, ses stratégies rhétoriques de dénonciation. D'autres textes, témoignages, discours politiques, roman, chants d'esclaves, viennent enrichir la lecture.

Un Noir, un Blanc, unis dans le même combat pour l'abolition de l'esclavage dans les Etats-Unis d'avant la guerre de Sécession. S'emparant de la fête nationale américaine, deux grands intellectuels, Frederick Douglass et Henry David Thoreau, prononcent chacun un violent réquisitoire contre la persistance de l'esclavage dans leur pays. Confrontant la nation à son histoire et à ses principes fondateurs, ils en appellent à la conscience de leurs concitoyens. Mais, par-delà leur commun engagement abolitionniste, ils témoignent de convictions politiques et de préoccupations personnelles différentes. La relation entre histoire et mémoire, les rapports entre individu et communauté, la conception de la nation et le sens de la liberté, tels sont les enjeux qui donnent à leur pensée une place essentielle dans l'histoire politique et intellectuelle des Etats-Unis.