Le chat. Encyclopédie

The REQUEST Group is a four year old European initiative of antibiotic prescribers with a special focus on the re-assessment of fluoroquinolone prescriptions among companion animals. When they met together for the first time four years ago they didn't have a precise idea of what would come out of this project. They only knew that too many self-proclaimed spokespersons were explaining what the rational use of antibiotics in companion animals should be without any clear rationale to back up their assertions. Fluoroquinolones were selected because this highly effective antimicrobial class is recent compared to others and it deserves a specific approach when it comes to companion animals. Within the REQUEST Group experts strongly believe that when the decision is reached to use fluoroquinolones for therapy veterinarians should strive to optimize therapeutic efficacy and minimize resistance to protect public and animal health. Thus the REQUEST Group objective is to elicit sound recommendations on the responsible use of fluoroquinolones in companion animals bearing in mind that this specific target population unlike large animals is composed of isolated individuals living in a human environment. In order to reach its objective the REQUEST Group followed a thorough process based on the AGREE methodology. They elaborated proprietary methodological tools none being initially available to rate veterinary publications covering not only clinical but susceptibility and pharmacokinetic studies as well. In addition they designed a composite index that encapsulates Efficacy Safety Convenience and Compliance to assess the different fluoroquinolones according to prescribers' needs. Methodology and tools were designed to appraise the available literature on the use of fluoroquinolones in companion animals and to find out what would come out of it without any preconception of results. This book presents the details of the methodology and rating tools that enabled eliciting several guidelines. The guidelines cover different practical topics. Each guideline is attributed a grading that directly reflects the level of the evidence upon which it is based and is accompanied by a shortlist of publication references for those readers who would like to explore deeper the given theme without reviewing all the available literature. In order to elicit the guidelines the REQUEST members reviewed 398 relevant publications extracted from the scientific literature through MEDLINE and CATINIST. Indeed they paid attention to ensure that the literature search balanced specificity with sensitivity along with clear inclusion and exclusion criteria. The appraisal process was thorough ; therefore REQUEST is confident that should any third party use the methodology and appraise the same material it would end up with the same guidelines. In addition all working sessions were public and hosted by European Veterinary Universities.

Le chirurgien Maurice Camey utilisera des parties de l'intestin pour remplacer l'estomac en 1952, puis la vessie cancéreuse en 1958. C'est cette intervention que les Américains appelleront Camey Procedure en lui décernant, en 1985, le prix J. K. Lattimer, véritable petit Nobel de l'urologie. Beaucoup de cancers considérés comme inopérables seront opérés et guéris par lui. Ce sont ces « impossibles » qui sont ici décrits.

Depuis 1940, la prospection de l'uranium s'est étendue à la Terre entière. Ce qui a permis de faire un constat : parmi les occurrences naturelles d'uranium, les indices sont innombrables, mais les concentrations valorisables par exploitation minière, rares. On s'est aussi aperçu que les concentrations d'uranium se rangent dans un petit nombre de classes aux caractères géologiques - associations minérales et géochimiques, âge, milieu géologique, morphologie des corps minéralisés - et économiques - teneur, tonnage, capacité au traitement - propres. Il existe, en effet une typologie des gîtes d'uranium, ce qui facilite la sélection des cibles de recherche. C'est ainsi que les " rolls " de l'Ouest américain et les filons hercyniens d'Europe firent les beaux jours de l'industrie jusqu'à la découverte de l'uranium de l'Athabasca au Canada vers 1970. Cluff, d'abord, puis toute une série de gisements furent localisés à des profondeurs de plus en plus grandes. Le champion actuel, Mc Arthur River, se trouve à 640 m de profondeur (186 000 tu à la teneur de 14,3 % u). Il s'agit là de très riches concentrations par rapport à celles connues dans les autres provinces uranifères du monde. Selon nos connaissances actuelles, l'Athabasca est unique au monde et l'intensité des phénomènes métallogéniques qui présidèrent à la formation de ce type de concentration, il y a environ 1 500 millions d'années, fit appel à des mécanismes que l'on connaît encore mal, mais bien différents de ceux auxquels sont dues les autres concentrations, et que l'on connaît bien.